These ends have been promised by the modern, industrialized world of the West and, now, also by the rapidly developing nations of Asia and elsewhere. This fabrication method can achieve high-density, single-crystal nanopillar array with good geometric control. Designers help to define our human made environment - how it is produced, how it is used, and how long it endures. CD4152:Design for Sustainability PD4153:Reverse Engineering ED4091:Advanced Finite Element Analysis CC4002:Industrial Safety Management It has also been shown that a very thin Cu layer can be added between CdTe and ITO to decrease the series resistance but still keeping the transparency [43, 45]. 12, no. The paper is structured as follows. Sites and J. Pan, Strategies to increase CdTe solar-cell voltage, Thin Solid Films, vol. 6, pp. e2e6, 2009. It puts forward N. Romeo, A. Bosio, R. Tedeschi, A. Romeo, and V. Canevari, Highly efficient and stable CdTe/CdS thin film solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. This model leads to a much-diminished view of the meaning of human existence and to many of the pathological conditions visited upon humankind. January 14, 2022. 2, pp. 22, pp. H647H651, 2010. Unsustainability, a general set of concerns that the future will not satisfy our aspirations, is just such a problem. 27462750, 2009. Figures are taken from [. WebFor any queries regarding the NPTEL website, availability of courses or issues in accessing courses, please contact. 1, pp. 6, pp. In this technology, the first CdS layer is made by standard CBD process with reduced time (compared with standard structure shown in Figure 1), and then the second CdS layer is deposited by CBD at lower temperature (55C). 0000001740 00000 n
She provides a capsule history of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: green and technocratic. [51] have also reported that doping ZnTe:Cu with Na2Te can further improve the performance by decreasing the film resistance of ZnTe layer to <1cm. 1, pp. The merits of this method are that it provides an effective way of producing high-quality CdTe layers with large grains and few defects (Figures 8(a) and 8(b)) to obtain less possibility of electron-hole recombination. S. Marsillac, V. Y. Parikh, and A. D. Compaan, Ultra-thin bifacial CdTe solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 0000085258 00000 n
Currently, First Solar has announced a new world record this year for CdTe PV solar cell efficiency of 17.3% with a test cell constructed using commercial-scale manufacturing equipment and materials, and its average efficiency of modules produced in the first quarter of 2011 was 11.7% [12]. V. D. Novruzov, N. M. Fathi, O. Gorur et al., CdTe thin film solar cells prepared by a low-temperature deposition method, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. 1, pp. 4. Design for sustainable behaviour . 247279, 2006. 22, no. Further, we fail to stop and seek qualitatively different approaches that might work effectively. S. Leone, $4.5 Billion in loans to support three first solar projects, Renewable Energy World, 2011, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/4-5-in-loans-to-support-three-first-solar-projects. 0000001988 00000 n
[50] also shows that double-layer structure with Cu doped ZnTe (ZnTe:Cu) buffer and CuxTe back contact can be very attractive for back contact fabrication, since ZnTe:Cu offers a good alignment of the valence band with CdTe, while CuxTe, produced by bilayer deposition method, has an excellent crystallinity and contact with CdTe:Cu. To enhance the The lowered impacts it produces will eventually be overtaken by growth and any associated economic savings will be channeled into other consumptive ends, creating new or exacerbating old damaging patterns. Sustainability, used without further qualification, has become a container for our highest aspirations, but, until we name those aspirations, has no practical meaning other than a very general sense of possibility and continuity. 1.3 A timeline: design and the sustainability movement. 0000039738 00000 n
58035806, 2010. A distinguishing feature of being human, beyond the animals we are, is language. Lastly, a section on implementation of design for sustainability in education is added to aid readers that wish to introduce this philosophy to younger students. Part 1: Concepts and context. A philosophical approach is also taken by Aidan Davison in his Making Sustainability Up: Design beyond Possibility. Hence, an ohmic contact or tunneling contact is seriously required. In addition, the production line could be simplified as the same process for both CdS/CdTe layers which could further reduce the cost without environment pollution [34]. ED4074 Design of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems PEC Nanostructured geometries are believed to be the most promising method to achieve high efficiency and low cost from structural aspect [37, 38]. Sustainability is used by business, government, and other institutions in reference to such a widely varying set of ends that it has lost its gathering power for spawning large-scale initiatives. 14, 2011. 0000066141 00000 n
J. Britt and C. Ferekides, Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cell with 15.8% efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs): (3) I. Furthermore, the CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells achieve a similar or superior performance by applying ED-CdS instead of CBD-CdS, because the crystal structure is hexagonal for former and cubic for latter. This research was funded in part from the National Natural and Science Foundation of China under Grant no. Design for the base of the pyramid . However, these are still much lower than the theoretical value. 15-16, pp. can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of contents N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari, and A. Podest, Recent progress on CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Solar Energy, vol. We are stuck in a circular pattern that does not fix these problems. One of best choices for CdTe cells are heterojunction structures with n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS) as a transparent window layer, and they are generally fabricated in a superstrate configuration (Figure 1). Product-service system design for sustainability . M. Powalla and D. Bonnet, Thin-film solar cells based on the polycrystalline compound semiconductors CIS and CdTe, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol. 2022, Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications: Sustainable Energy Harvesting and Storage Technology Show abstract Binary metal 9. The origin and refractoriness of unsustainability can be attributed to many causes, but two stand out as critical: the Cartesian, scientific mindset of modern cultures and the hegemony of technological and technocratic solutions to all individual and collective problems. 9951000, 2001. Conversion efficiency of ~6% has been reported in the initial design. 1, pp. M. A. 44, no. Sustainability has emerged as a central issue for contemporary societies and for the world community as a whole. While these ideas do not directly address the discipline of design, they are certainly pertinent to, and pose significant challenges for, design. Furthermore, it is also suggested that 3D nanopillar array can also improve the light absorption while enhancing the carrier collection efficiency [40]. 10, Article ID 103116, 2010. Similarly, ohmic contact and metal diffusion barrier can be realized by a buffer layer inserted between CdTe and metal. 62, no. This paper reviews some novel techniques mainly within two years to solve this problem from aspects of promotion of fabrication technology, structural modification, and choice of back contact materials. Designing Your Companys Sustainability Report. In addition, several topics covering recent advances in the application of sustainable design within the automotive, building and construction, packaging and consumer product industries are also included in this book to provide practical examples of this philosophy in current applications. 0000060578 00000 n
WebM.E.COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN REGULATIONS 2021 CHOICEBASEDCREDITSYSTEM I TO IV SEMESTERS CURRICULA & SYLLABI 1. A. N. Tiwari, G. Khrypunov, F. Kurdzesau, D. L. Btzner, A. Romeo, and H. Zogg, CdTe solar cell in a novel configuration, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. Web3. Efficiency in general is only a temporary remedy. 1-2, pp. This is an excellent breakthrough since it is difficult to keep high-quality single-crystal structure when moving into nanometer level, and single crystal is usually required for high-efficiency solar cells to maintain high density of e-h pairs. All of them make CdTe a very attractive material for thin-film solar cells. WebDesigning for a Sustainable Future Daniela Busse SAP Labs, LLC (Palo Alto) 3410 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, California 94304 daniela.busse@sap.com In many cases, the problems can be narrowly defined and those institutions responsible for fixing the world are clear. He does this by asking us to consider abundance of food and information, and the repercussions of both on society. As the performance of the solar cell is closely related to the quality of the interface between CdS and CdTe, the similar grain size does favor to good intermixture of these two materials and could dramatically decrease the defects inside interface. CdTe has a band gap of ~1.5eV, which is close to the ideal value for photovoltaic conversion efficiency. WebSustainability management refers to approaches dealing with social, environmental, and eco-nomic issues in an integrated manner to transform organizations in a way that they V. V. Kislyuk and O. P. Dimitriev, Nanorods and nanotubes for solar cells, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. Flourishing gathers a bundle of qualities that have been at the center of human aspirations from time immemorialthe good life, health, solidarity, autonomy, freedom, dignity, and more. The financial crises that began in 2008 are blamed on the failure to have adequate regulation, on the innovation of derivative packages, poor risk assessment mechanisms, greedy bankers, and more. A. Bosio, N. Romeo, S. Mazzamuto, and V. Canevari, Polycrystalline CdTe thin films for photovoltaic applications, Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, vol. Hence, Davison, Ehrenfeld and Mathews share the view that design offers an important, positive and practical way forward for realizing sustainability. WebCitation styles for The Handbook of Design for Sustainability How to cite The Handbook of Design for Sustainability for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. 58, no. Conventionally, an etching with nitric-phosphoric (NP) acid is applied to obtain Te-rich layers on the top of CdTe before copper deposition [11], so that a diffusion layer of CuxTe alloy can be formed during the annealing after Cu deposition. 77, no. K. C. Park, E. S. Cha, and B. T. Ahn, Sodium-doping of ZnTe film by close-spaced sublimation for back contact of CdTe solar cell, Current Applied Physics, vol. M. E. Calixto, M. Tufio-Velzquez, G. Contreras-Puente et al., Study of chemical bath deposited CdS bi-layers and their performance in CdS/CdTe solar cell applications, Thin Solid Films, vol. 209218, 1999. Calyxo also expended their capacity up to 25MWp in 2008 and expects to finish their second production line with capacity of 110MWp in 2011 [15]. 6, pp. 8, no. While it is grounded and to a degree constrained by experience and the past, it is still open to alternative possibilities; there are still elements of choice of actions. 4, pp. 515, no. 2007, Article ID 40285, 2007. 511-512, pp. Therefore, this structure is favored by a variety of world-leading corporates. 3, pp. 1. In the third step, the AAM layer is partially etched by NaOH (Figure 9(c)) and a p-type CdTe film with ~1m is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). R. Kapadia, Z. [11] in this approach. 207, no. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure The rational model for human action springing from Descartess mind/world split and the view of the brain as a logical, optimizing machine is yet another root cause. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. We are so accustomed to this way of problem solving that we ignore a few important pathologies that arise when routine actions become so familiar that we are blind to outcomes other than those that were intended. In The Emergence of Design for Sustainability: And Onward and Upward, Janis Birkeland begins by summarizing the argument that sustainability will require meeting needs and desires in altogether new ways, which makes it a design problem. Figure is taken from [. As mentioned before, traditional planning and building methods were often good examples of sustainable design in their time, and represented good uses of local resources matched with local skills. 3, pp. 795801, 2004. 11, no. Yet, he believes that there is an answer amidst this morass. He concludes his chapter with a discussion of transition theory and its emphasis on the co-evolution of systems, which is the antithesis of top-down control and command systems of planning. The need to name the explicit ends of action, now labeled as sustainable with no further elaboration, is frequently missed today. Among various means for generating energy from the sun, solar cells are an effective approach to convert solar energy into practical electrical energy. 14, pp. by. In particular, we have intentions (expressions of what we want the future to be) that guide our actions. The resulted conversion efficiency >14% is rather high since it is the first successful operation of CdS/CdTe-based solar cell prepared by low-temperature deposition, and more work should be done to optimize the process before actually applying for commercial purpose [33]. X. Wu, J. C. Keane, R. G. Dhere et al., 16.5%-efficient CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells, in Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (PVSEC '01), pp. 5. WebDesign. Karim El-Jisr. Efficiency as high as 16.5% has been achieved in CdS/CdTe heterojunction structure in laboratory in 2001, and current techniques for CdS/CdTe solar cells gradually step toward commercialization. Cadmium chloride treatment is a key processing step identified in the late 1970s to drastically improve the solar to electric conversion efficiency of CdS/CdTe thin In the all-electrical-deposition (AE) processing for CdS thin film, a graphite anode and a glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) cathode are applied to pass an electric current through the electrolyte with CdCl2 and Na2S2O3 dissolved in () as shown in Figure 6. 516, no. Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images. An addict continues to apply the same ineffective solutions without regard to the underlying problem and without. To achieve the desired target for design for sustainability systems, several objectives are to be met. These objectives are designing for effectiveness of cost, optimal usage of material, efficiency of energy, disassembly of products, recycling, repair and reuse of products, remanufacturing, and continuous improvements (Jovane et al., 2008 ). N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari, M. Terheggen, and L. Vaillant Roca, Comparison of different conducting oxides as substrates for CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells, Thin Solid Films, vol. 97, no. Despite the fact that these two systems are merging, there is a need to reconsider any system based on a closed loop where the net result remains doing more good and less bad. However, the performance highly depends on process condition and material purity, and the doping effect of Te into Sb2Te3 can be complicated [11]. This book will be beneficial to researchers, students in higher education institutions, design practitioners and engineers in private and public sector organization with aspirations to develop sustainable products in the future. It begins with The Roots of Unsustainability by John R. Ehrenfeld in which he unequivocally asserts that sustainability means more than simply fixing the problems of unsustainability that are threatening the wellbeing of the environment and human societies. Although there is no impressive progress for efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development. Inserted between cd4152 design for sustainability pdf and metal diffusion barrier can be realized by a buffer layer inserted CdTe..., Renewable energy World, 2011, http: cd4152 design for sustainability pdf Grant no attractive material for solar... An ohmic contact or tunneling contact is seriously required this morass the underlying problem and.... An effective approach to convert solar energy into practical electrical energy 0000066141 n... Provides a capsule history of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: green and technocratic & 1. 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