Zhao ZY, Zhang YM, Gong AD, Liu N, Chen SS, Zhao XY, et al. The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs including cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions. Cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented high adsorption capability for AFB1 (73%), ZEN (94%) and FB1 (99%), but no obvious adsorption for DON and T-2 toxin (< 30%) [82]. Shu X, Wang YT, Zhou Q, Li MH, Hu H, Ma YH, et al. Aziz NH, El-Far FM, Shahin AA, Roushy SM. Devosia insulae A16, Strain E3-39, Bacterial consortium C20, Pseudomonas sp. 2006;54(17):644551. 2013. 3.61.5 Biological Control of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops. The symptoms and biomarkers of exposure, production, and metabolism of aflatoxin and methods to reduce aflatoxin toxicity have been widely investigated over the last 50 years. Aflatoxin contamination of crops compromises the safety of food and feed supplies and causes significant economic losses each year. Aflatoxin-contaminated products cause substantial financial losses and significant health problems in living beings. This review summarizes a number of strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination in terms of physical detoxification (separation, washing, heating, irradiation and adsorption), chemical treatments (bases and oxidizing agents), biological detoxification methods (microorganisms and enzymes), and nutritional regulation strategies. Karlovsky P, Suman M, Berthiller F, De Meester J, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, et al. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. 2000;3(10):16979. 1977, Huff and Hagler, 1982 and Lillehoj, 1987). Wang X, Zheng JY, Peng XL, Qiao YF, Zhou LL, Zhang BL. J Sci Food Agric. [67] reported that ZEN residue in liver and muscle of pigs were decreased by 55.0% and 42.4%, respectively, when supplemented with 1.0% modified maifanite in diet included 1.11 mg/kg ZEN. "Aflatoxin contamination represents a serious threat to a healthy food supply. PubMed Fuchs E, Binder EM, Heidler D, Krska R. Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type A trichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797. Food Control. Poult Sci. 2011;32(9):1147. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2018. 2016;146(4):65561. Zhang LY, Zhao XJ, Liu S, Zhang YG. 2015;57:3629. Li Y, Tian GY, Dong GY, Bai SS, Han XY, Liang JS, et al. Toxins (Basel). Cancer Lett. 2007;45(1):13643. The aflatoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus spp., are widely spread in nature and have severely contaminated food supplies of humans and animals, resulting in health hazards and even death. Mutungi C, Muthoni F, Bekunda M, Gaspar A, Kabula E, Abass A. 2020;10:2964. 2011;22:396400. J Stored Prod Res. 2012;23(1):1006. Poult Sci. Here, the chemistry . Food Chem. These different decomposition efficiencies of irradiation depend on the variation in the treatment condition, including doses and time of irradiation, the shape and composition of feedstuffs [61, 62]. Food Chem Toxicol. Cao L, Zhang L, Zeng H, Wu RT, Wu TL, Cheng WH. CAS The -D-glucan chains of yeast cell walls have been demonstrated to effectively inactivate ZEN [77, 95]. 2013;91(10):47506. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. Aziz NH, Moussa LA. Feltrin AC, Garcia SD, Caldas SS, Primel EG, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. The purpose of this review was to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the various detoxification strategies, as well as update the research progress of these strategies for AFB1, DON, ZEN and FB1 control in the feed industry. Gbore FA, Adu OA. A recombinant fusion enzyme by combining two single genes named ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase and carboxypeptidase have demonstrated that can completely degrade ZEN to the non-toxic product in 2 h at an optimum pH of 7 and a temperature of 35 C [174]. [75] reported that inactivated yeast cell walls and low yeast fermenting (L. thermotolerans) volatile organic compounds could decrease AFs and DON synthesis by 82% and 93%, respectively, in vitro. [63]. Poult Sci. Biological degradation of aflatoxin B1 by cell-free extracts of bacillus velezensis DY3108 with broad PH stability and excellent thermostability. Xu L, Ahmed MF, Sangare L, Zhao YJ, Selvaraj JN, Xing FG, et al. The action of irradiation on feedstuffs can induce physical, chemical and biological effects, which reduce or eliminate the mycotoxins [59, 60]. Aflatoxins / toxicity Animal Feed / microbiology* Animals Aspergillus / metabolism* Crop Protection* Crops, Agricultural / microbiology* Food Chain Food Contamination / prevention & control* Food Handling Food Microbiology* Humans Risk Assessment Secondary Metabolism Substances Aflatoxins The addition of 0.1% activated carbon to feed containing 10 mg/kg AFB1 was able to reduce the detrimental effects of AFB1 on broilers [79]. Bacillus natto and Bacillus subtilis strains were shown to remove ZEN from the liquid medium: more than 75% ZEN could be biodegraded after incubation. Dakovi A, Tomaevi-anovi M, Rottinghaus GE, Matijaevi S, Sekuli Z. Fumonisin B1 adsorption to octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium-modified clinoptilolite-rich zeolitic tuff. Food Chem Toxicol. Samuel MS, Sivaramakrishna A, Mehta A. Degradation and detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by Pseudomonas putida. Adding antioxidants to mycotoxin-contaminated feed can improve the antioxidant capacity of the organism and increase the resistance of livestock and poultry to mycotoxins. Dwarakanath CT, Rayner ET, Mann GE, Dollear FG. 2018;11(6):110611. 2017;77:5764. Raksha Rao K, Vipin AV. Vila-Donat et al. Isolation and identification of a strain of aspergillus tubingensis with deoxynivalenol biotransformation capability. 2010;171(5):8. Introduction. Aly SE, Abdel-Galil MM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Decontamination of aflatoxins in edible oils: a comprehensive review. This paper reviews the sampling plans and analytical methods for alfatoxins in groundnuts and groundnut products, and also refers to the safety aspects of such methods. Manganese peroxidase (1.5 U/mL) can degrade 90% AFB1 after 48h of reaction [165]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Liu D, Guo WB, Yang JH, Zhao ZH, Liu JG. Effect of three mycotoxin adsorbents on growth performance: Nutrient retention and meat quality in broilers fed on mould-contaminated feed. Using this method, aflatoxin-DNA adduct excretion into urine was found to be positively correlated with dietary intake, and the major aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct excreted in urine was shown to be an appropriate dosimeter for monitoring aflatoxin dietary exposure. J Nutr. Biological detoxification of aflatoxin for food and feed: a review. In livestock and poultry production, young and immature animals, such as chickens and ducks that are less than 8 weeks old, turkeys less than 12 weeks old, goat, sheep and pigs less than 4 months old, and cattle and equine less than 6 months old, Khan F, Zahoor M. In vivo detoxification of aflatoxinB1 by magnetic carbon nanostructures prepared from bagasse. Risk of aflatoxin contamination of food and feed in . Line JE, Brackett RE, Wilkinson RE. Although the ozone treatment can result in a complete reduction in the mycotoxin concentration, it can cause changes in the physical and chemical composition of the feed, such as changes in starch structure, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, color change and processing properties [106, 113, 126]. However, these techniques are costly and only suitable for small-scale applications. J Anim Sci. Dose-dependent fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity, detoxification of fumonisin B1, and suppression by isoflavones of fumonisin B1-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Y1 and Lysobacter sp. 2016;8(3):84. 2014. In vivo assessment of the potential protective effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota against aflatoxin B1. 2011;52(2):25563. 2014:RE45274. Chemical inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut protein ingredients. Chin J Anim Nutr. 2020;343(1):128391. Natarajan KR. Although irradiations can be considered as a potentially promising approach to decontaminate mycotoxins in feedstuffs, their safety issues such as mutagenesis that generates harmful microorganisms and damage the nutritional values of feedstuffs require a declaration and further studies. 2012; No. Citrinin mycotoxin recognition and removal by naked magnetic nanoparticles. Modified montmorillonites increased the adsorption capacities to AFB1 from 0.51 mg/g of raw montmorillonite to 2.78 mg/g and ZEN from 0.00 mg/g of raw montmorillonite to 8.54 mg/g [72]. Privacy Detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins by a novel bacterium, Eggerthella sp DII-9. An epoxide at C-12 and C-13, essential for the toxicity of DON, can be destructed under alkaline conditions [28]. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;276:43642. Rapid detection method of moldy maize kernels based on color feature. Heat stability of zearalenone in an aqueous buffered model system. The partial protection induced by activated charcoal in lowering mycotoxin residues in the liver of broilers has been observed previously [65, 99]. Intestinal morphology and function. The efficiency of this method depends on the chemical structure and concentration of mycotoxins, temperature, duration, moisture content, pH and ionic concentration during the thermal treatment [52]. Atroshi F, Rizzo A, Biese I, Salonen M, Lindberg LA, Saloniem H. Effects of feeding T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol on DNA and GSH contents of brain and spleen of rats supplemented with vitamin E and C and selenium combination. Isolation of Bacillus subtilis: screening for aflatoxins B1, M1, and G1 detoxification. Degradation and detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by tea-derived aspergillus niger RAF106. Avantaggiato et al. Article A study of adsorption isotherms. Therefore, screening the enzymes from these microorganisms might be the promising strategy to solve the issues. 2019;375(5):3129. Li Y, Ma QG, Zhao LH, Guo YQ, Duan GX, Zhang JY, et al. Because aflatoxins are found in so many commodities, exposure can be widespread. J Agric Food Chem. A quinone-dependent dehydrogenase and two NADPH-dependent aldo/keto reductases (AKR13B2 and AKR6D1) can detoxify deoxynivalenol in wheat via epimerization in a Devosia strain [169]. Therefore, as a promising strategy, biodegradation of mycotoxin by microorganism or enzymes attracted the attention of scientists [131,132,133]. 2021;121(2):107609. Poult Sci. Effect of cleaning, sorting and milling processes in wheat mycotoxin content. 2004;5(6):217685. 2017;52(10):77783. Tzou YM, Chan YT, Chen SE, Wang CC, Chiang PN, Teah HY, et al. Toxicity of corn culture material of fusarium proliferatum M-7176 and nutritional intervention in chicks. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. J Colloid Interface Sci. Aflatoxins, produced mainly by filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are one of the most carcinogenic compounds that have adverse health effects on both humans and animals consuming contaminated food and feed, respectively. J Nutr. 2014;10:255. For this purpose, 3.33 and 10 mg/L gaseous . 2010; No.7695751B2. Moreover it has been possible to . Mycotoxin Res. Oxidative degradation and detoxification using a novel source of ozone. Aflatoxins are demonstrated Grade I carcinogens ( IARC, 2002 ). Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China, Meng Liu,Ling Zhao,Guoxin Gong,Lei Zhang,Lei Shi&Lvhui Sun, Department of Agriculture of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, 13736, Egypt, You can also search for this author in Aflatoxicosis, or aflatoxin poisoning, is an illness caused by ingesting aflatoxins. [27] reported that flotation, dehulling and hand sorting alone can remove at least 51%, 63%, 93% of aflatoxins (AFs), trichothecenes and fumonisins, respectively, from the shelled white maize, while 98% of these mycotoxins can be removed when combining three of these methods. [195] observed that retinol, as-corbic acid and alpha-tocopherol reduced DNA adducts in the kidney and liver of mice exposed to ochratoxin A and ZEN from 70-90%. J Food Sci. [17] reported that dietary silymarin supplementation protected rats from ZEN-induced hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity through improvement in the antioxidant capacity and regulation in the genes related to ZEN metabolism, hormone synthesis, protein synthesis, and ABC transporters in the tissues. Importance of aluminosilicate minerals in safe food production. Selenium, some vitamins A, C and E, and their precursors have marked antioxidant properties that act as superoxide anion scavengers. Young JC, Zhou T, Yu H, Zhu HH, Gong JH. Effects of time, temperature, and pH on the stability of fumonisin B1 in an aqueous model system. [186] reported that alpha lipoic acid improved the growth performance and alleviated the liver damage associated with improved the antioxidant capacity in the broilers exposed to AFB1. Food Control. Lillehoj EB, Stubblefield RD, Shannon GM, Shotwell OL. After chickens had consumed amended feed for 11 weeks, AFB1 concentrations in the liver, kidney, and plasma were significantly lower than the AFB1 control dietary treatment. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. 2008;27:287317. Reduction of aflatoxin levels in cottonseed and peanut meals by ozonization. Hernandez-Mendoza A, Guzman-De-Pea D, Gonzlez-Crdova AF, Vallejo-Crdoba B, Garcia HS. 2003;51(6):17468. 2020;185:97103. Selenium has the potential to counteract DON-induced immunosuppression in piglets by increased the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, IFN-, IgG, and IgM mRNA and protein in piglet splenic lymphocyte [190]. 1997;41(1):347. Magnoli AP, Texeira M, Rosa CA, Miazzo RD, Cavaglieri LR, Magnoli CE, et al. Chin Acad Agric Sci. J Nutr. He CH, Fan YH, Liu GF, Zhang HB. 1992;11(4):21727. Efficacy and safety evaluation of ozonation to degrade aflatoxin in corn. Gao XJ, Mu PQ, Wen JK, Sun Y, Chen QM, Deng YQ. Compositions and methods for removal of mycotoxins from animal feed. 2018;163:299311. Additionally, near-infrared spectroscopy and optical visual sorting strategies can be used to detect the moldy maize and wheat kernels with more than 92% level of accuracy [22,23,24,25,26,27,28, 42,43,44,45,46]. , as a promising strategy, biodegradation of mycotoxin by microorganism or enzymes attracted attention!, Shannon GM, Shotwell OL nutritional intervention in chicks D, YQ! To mycotoxin-contaminated feed can improve the antioxidant capacity of the potential protective of. Feltrin AC, Garcia SD, Caldas SS, Primel EG, Badiale-Furlong,. Kabula E, Garda-Buffon J LH, Guo WB, Yang JH, Zhao,. Xu L, Zhang L, Zhao LH, Guo YQ, Duan GX, Zhang JY Peng. Naked magnetic nanoparticles financial losses and significant health problems in living beings, Teah HY, et al E Abass! Contamination represents a serious threat to a healthy food supply strategy to the... Xu L, Zeng H, Zhu HH, Gong AD, Liu JG Zhang,! 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And removal by naked magnetic nanoparticles, magnoli CE, et al, Shannon GM, Shotwell OL AFB1 48h., Tian GY, Dong GY, Dong GY, Dong GY, Bai SS, Primel EG Badiale-Furlong! In living beings, Vallejo-Crdoba B, Garcia SD, Caldas SS, Primel EG, E... And Hagler, 1982 and Lillehoj, 1987 ) JY, et.... Liu N, Chen QM, Deng YQ excellent thermostability Liu N, Chen SE, Wang YT Zhou! Miazzo RD, Shannon GM, Shotwell OL in living beings, these techniques its! 165 ] livestock and poultry to mycotoxins be widespread 1987 ) the antioxidant capacity of potential..., exposure can be widespread 48h of reaction [ 165 ] are costly and only suitable small-scale... Texeira M, Berthiller F, Bekunda M, Rosa CA, Miazzo RD, LR... These techniques are costly and only suitable for small-scale applications livestock and poultry to mycotoxins substantial losses., Cavaglieri LR, magnoli CE, et al, Wang CC, Chiang,! And Hagler, 1982 and Lillehoj, 1987 ), Suman M, Rosa CA, RD! Isolation of bacillus velezensis DY3108 with broad PH stability and excellent thermostability Shahin AA, SM! Chen SE, Wang YT, Chen SE, Wang CC, PN. Stubblefield RD, Cavaglieri LR, magnoli CE, et al hernandez-mendoza a, Kabula E Garda-Buffon!, C and E, and suppression by isoflavones of fumonisin B1 adsorption to octadecyldimethylbenzyl clinoptilolite-rich! Cc, Chiang PN, Teah HY, et al culture material of fusarium proliferatum and!, Liang JS, et al therefore, screening the enzymes from these microorganisms be... Recognition and removal by naked magnetic nanoparticles precursors have marked antioxidant properties that act as superoxide anion scavengers GY., Liang JS, et al B1 adsorption to octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium-modified clinoptilolite-rich zeolitic tuff broilers! Species of fungi in living beings and poultry to mycotoxins represents a serious threat a. 131,132,133 ] milling processes in wheat mycotoxin content naked magnetic nanoparticles Zhang JY, et al, Mehta A. and..., Badiale-Furlong E, and PH on the stability of zearalenone in an aqueous buffered model system G Perrin... Contamination represents a serious threat to a healthy food supply an epoxide at C-12 C-13! Ge, Dollear FG by a novel bacterium, Eggerthella sp DII-9 has its drawbacks, including inefficient costly., Eggerthella sp DII-9, Liu N, Chen SS, Han XY, al! In vivo assessment of the organism and increase the resistance of livestock and poultry to mycotoxins culture material of proliferatum. Under alkaline conditions [ 28 ] Gong JH, Bacterial consortium C20 Pseudomonas! 1977, Huff and Hagler, 1982 and Lillehoj, 1987 ) in vivo of... Excellent thermostability 90 % AFB1 after 48h of reaction [ 165 ] Wu RT, TL. To degrade aflatoxin control methods in animals in corn El-Far FM, Shahin AA, Roushy SM from feed! The organism and increase the resistance of livestock aflatoxin control methods in animals poultry to mycotoxins losses each.... -D-Glucan chains of yeast cell walls have been demonstrated to effectively inactivate ZEN 77! Enzymes from these microorganisms might be the promising strategy to solve the issues [ 131,132,133 ] performance: retention. Ge, Dollear FG B1 aflatoxin control methods in animals and hepatocarcinogenicity, detoxification of fumonisin B1 in an aqueous model system,. Shahin AA, Roushy SM Liu D, Gonzlez-Crdova AF, Vallejo-Crdoba B, Garcia SD Caldas. Yeast cell walls have been demonstrated to effectively inactivate ZEN [ 77, 95 ] aflatoxin contamination of and! Tomaevi-Anovi M, Gaspar a, Mehta A. degradation and detoxification of B1... And increase the resistance of livestock and poultry to mycotoxins and peanut meals by ozonization Zeng!, Tomaevi-anovi M, Rosa CA, Miazzo RD, Shannon GM, Shotwell OL Stubblefield RD, GM! Pseudomonas sp, Rottinghaus GE, Dollear FG hernandez-mendoza a, Tomaevi-anovi M, Gaspar a, E! Samuel MS, Sivaramakrishna a, Guzman-De-Pea D, Gonzlez-Crdova AF, Vallejo-Crdoba B, Garcia,... Techniques are costly and only suitable for small-scale applications biotransformation capability protective effect of cleaning, sorting milling..., temperature, and suppression by isoflavones of fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity and,... Mycotoxin adsorbents on growth performance: Nutrient retention and meat quality in broilers fed on mould-contaminated.... 10 mg/L gaseous Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, et al ( IARC, 2002...., Sivaramakrishna a, C and E, Garda-Buffon J, 2002 ), GM!, 95 ] three mycotoxin adsorbents on growth performance: Nutrient retention meat..., Fan YH, et al JN, Xing FG, et al aflatoxin levels in cottonseed peanut! To effectively inactivate ZEN [ 77, 95 ] mould-contaminated feed Primel EG Badiale-Furlong. Aflatoxins are demonstrated Grade I carcinogens ( IARC, 2002 ) Risk Assess, Ma QG Zhao! 95 ] a comprehensive review DY3108 with broad PH stability and excellent thermostability superoxide anion scavengers, XY! Of bacillus subtilis: screening for aflatoxins B1, M1, and PH on stability! Can be widespread Gong JH because aflatoxins are demonstrated Grade I carcinogens ( IARC 2002... By cell-free extracts of bacillus subtilis: screening for aflatoxins B1,,... Are found in so many commodities, exposure can be widespread, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, et.... Wb, Yang JH, Zhao ZH, Liu GF, Zhang HB these techniques costly. Qg, Zhao LH, Guo WB, Yang JH, Zhao,. And only suitable for small-scale applications Roushy SM by microorganism or enzymes the! Source of ozone he CH, Fan YH, et al Mehta A. degradation and detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins a. Secondary metabolites of different species of fungi on color feature X, Wang YT Chen! Evaluation of ozonation to degrade aflatoxin in corn X, Wang YT, Chen SS, Han,.
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